Influenza Pandemic | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

Labour, Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Great Britain and Ireland) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

Prisoners of War | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

The First World War marked the shift from a 19th century, relatively ad hoc management of prisoners of war, to the 20th century’s sophisticated prisoner of war camp systems, with their bureaucratic management, rationalization of the labour use of prisoners, and complex modern logistical and security apparatuses. It also led to transnational, global systems of captivity. This article will assess...

Revolution of 1905 (Russian Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

Starting in the mid-19th century, the Russian authorities promoted rapid economic modernisation while trying to maintain the traditional social order and political absolutism. State-led industrialisation, however, created new social groups, such as urban workers; enlarged the intelligentsia; and facilitated contact between villages and urban centres. These changes also increased the burden of t...

Prisoners of War (India) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

During the First World War South Asian combatants and non-combatants were taken prisoner in France, Belgium, Mesopotamia, East Africa and other theatres of war. The conditions under which POWs were captured differed enormously in terms of housing, food, disciplinary rules, medical treatment, social and cultural facilities. Usually, the men were segregated not only according to their military ra...

War Losses (Africa) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

Human resources in Africa were exploited during the First World War for imperial ends. Men were sent to Europe to augment the manpower of the combatants, and soldiers and labourers were mobilized to aid in the conquest or defense of Germany’s colonies. In all, about 2,350,000 Africans were mobilized between 1914 and 1918 to secure these respective ends, while over 250,000 soldiers and carriers,...